The State of Florida should raise the legal drivers age to 18 Essay

The State of Florida should raise the legitimate drivers age to 18 - Essay Example matured 16 years of age at the hour of the rate committed a grave error in his decisions: over-burdening the vehicle with eight individuals, speeding, driving with close to bare tires and overwhelming another vehicle brimming with individual youngsters (Driscoll 1). Awful catastrophes including youthful drivers have been accounted for from all the American states. It is very certain that at ages eighteen and nineteen, there is a more noteworthy degree of development and preferred decisions over at sixteen. In the year 2009, Justine Winter (while driving at 85mph) smashed a head on prompting a demise of a moms and her 13-year-old just child. On a meeting in a TV appear, winter says sorry to the group of the people in question: 35-year-old, hopeful Erin Thompson and Caden, her child (Daily Mail on Teenage Girl). She was sorry saying she dint need to get them through any more agony than they had under experienced. Stretching out her expressions of remorse to her own family, she affirmed that her family experienced a great deal of agony in light of the mishap. Approached on the off chance that she would assume liability for the mishap, she said she would despite the fact that she unmistakably expresses that she can't recall that anything about the accident. Winter, who is the most youthful prisoner at 18, is carrying out a 15-year punishment at Montana Women’s Prison for the killings. The alarming accident occurred after winter battled with her beau. They had a warmed contention by means of instant messages as she was driving. Anyway winter and her legal advisors demanded, it was a typical mishap and not a self destruction endeavor. Winter, which was 16-years-more seasoned that time, endured numerous wounds and needed to under go a few medical procedures because of mind harm. Having been seen as blameworthy, of twofold crime, she was imprisoned for a long time. The investigator contended winter was thoughtlessly driving, and she was not wearing a safety belt. Erin Thompson’s family was applauded by the adjudicator who said their sympathy and fearlessness was exceptional. They just requested conciliatory sentiments from the 18-year-old. Right now, vehicle crashes by the youngsters in the United

Metal Jewelry Stamps Marks

Metal Jewelry Stamps Marks Adornments produced using valuable metals regularly is stepped with an imprint to demonstrate the synthetic piece of the metal. A quality imprint containsâ information about metal substance that shows up on an article. It is normally stepped or engraved on the piece. There is extensive disarray about the importance of value denotes that are seen on gems and different things. Here is some data that will de-bewilder terms, for example, plated, filled, authentic, and others.​ Gold Quality Marks karat, carat, Karat, Carat, Kt., Ct., K, C Gold is estimated in karats, with 24 karats being 24/24ths gold or unadulterated gold. A 10 karat gold thing contains 10/24ths gold, a 12K thing is 12/24ths gold, and so on. Karats might be communicated utilizing a decimal figure, for example, .416 fine gold (10K). The base reasonable quality for karat gold is 9 karats. Karats are not to be mistaken for carats (ct.), which are a unit of gemstone mass. One carat weighs 0.2 gram (1/5 of a gram or 0.0007 ounce). A hundredth of a carat is known as a point. Gold Filled and Rolled Gold Plate gold filled, G.F., doublã © dor, moved gold plate, R.G.P., plaquã © dor laminã © The quality imprint for gold filled is utilized for an article (with the exception of optical edges, watch cases, hollowware, or flatware) comprising of a base metal to which a sheet of at any rate 10 karat gold has been reinforced. Also, the heaviness of the gold sheet must be in any event 1/twentieth the complete load of the thing. The quality imprint may determine the proportion of the heaviness of the gold in the article to the complete load of the article just as an announcement of the nature of the gold communicated in karats or decimals. For instance, a sign of 1/20 10K G.F. alludes to a gold filled article that comprises of 10 karat gold for 1/twentieth of its all out weight. Moved gold plate and gold filled may use a similar assembling process, however the gold sheet utilized in moved gold as a rule is under 1/twentieth the absolute load of the article. The sheet should even now be at any rate 10 karat gold. Like gold filled articles, the quality imprint utilized for moved gold plate articles may incorporate a weight proportion and an announcement of value (for instance, 1/40 10K R.G.P.). Gold and Silver Plate gold electroplate, gold plated, G.E.P., electroplaquã © dor or plaquã ©, silver electroplate, silver plate, silver plated, electroplaquã © dargent, plaquã © dargent, or the shortened forms of these terms The quality imprints for gold-plated show that an article has been electroplated with gold of at any rate 10 karats. The quality imprints for silver plated show that an article has been electroplated with silver of in any event 92.5% virtue. There is no base thickness required for silver plated or gold plated articles. Silver Quality Marks silver, authentic, real silver, argent, argent real, shortened forms of these terms, 925, 92.5, .925 The quality imprints or a decimal figure might be utilized on articles containing at least 92.5% unadulterated silver. A few metals might be called silver when, truth be told, they are not (with the exception of in shading). For instance, nickel silver (otherwise called German silver) is an amalgam comprising of about 60% copper, about 20% nickel, about 20% zinc, and once in a while about 5% tin (in which case the compound is called alpaca). There is no silver at all in German/nickel/alpaca silver or in Tibetan silver. Vermeil vermeil or vermil The quality imprints for vermeil are utilized on articles made of silver of at any rate 92.5 percent immaculateness and plated with gold of in any event 10 karats. No base thickness is required for the gold plated parcel. Platinum and Palladium Quality Marks platinum, plat., platine, palladium, pall. The quality imprints for platinum are applied to articles made out of in any event 95 percent platinum, 95 percent platinum and iridium, or 95 percent platinum and ruthenium. The quality imprints for palladium are applied to articles made out of at any rate 95 percent palladium, or 90 percent palladium and 5 percent platinum, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or gold.

Leadership For Quality and Safety in Healthcare

Question: Talk about theLeadership For Quality and Safety in Healthcare. Answer: Presentation: Social insurance associations need to put solid accentuation on giving excellent medicinal services administrations to the patients through actualizing legitimate security intercessions and methodologies. The turn of events and usage of successful patient security mediations and techniques relies upon the aptitudes and skills of social insurance experts. The working environment execution of social insurance experts is straightforwardly impacted by human factors, for example, inspiration, working condition and objective lucidity. Consequently, there exist a critical connection between human components and execution of medicinal services experts (Carayone et al., 2013). In this specific circumstance, the current paper plans to show the effect of human factors on quality and wellbeing in medicinal services associations. The article, in such manner, gives a nitty gritty examination of the idea of human elements and its hugeness in affecting work execution. The sorts of human components i nfluencing work execution in medicinal services associations are likewise analyzed and assessed in the current article. Idea of Human Factors its Impact on Work Performance Human factors for the most part allude to the three perspectives that are, natural, authoritative and work factors affecting the conduct of a person at work environment that can directly affect the wellbeing and security of individuals (Bard, 2013). Human elements survey the effect of human and individual attributes on work execution of people. Human factors for the most part accentuates on the sort of undertaking and its qualities, abilities and capabilities of an individual and authoritative properties. The best possible administration of HR is fundamental for an association to upgrade the efficiency and productivity. The associations expect to increase high profitability through creating legitimate wellbeing and security strategies for every one of its partners. This can be accomplished by an association through the usage of fitting work frameworks. The productivity of work frameworks in an association can be improved through the advancement of an able workforce and very much plan ned occupation jobs as per the abilities and capacities of representatives (Bard, 2013). Human factors, for example, natural, mental and authoritative components directly affect the work exhibitions of a person. These variables impact the proficiency and profitability of people through deciding their capacities and constraints at work environment. For instance, on the off chance that an undertaking requires colossal physical quality, at that point it ought to be assigned to somebody who has the physical endurance of doing it (Human Factors, 2016). Something else, an individual can endure injury or cause harm to the apparatuses and hardware engaged with doing the undertaking. So also, on account of an undertaking requiring mental capacities, it ought to be alloted to an individual having mental force else it can cause quality and wellbeing issues for an association through its deficient fulfillment. Likewise, people hesitant to complete their undertaking may be the aftereffect of absence of legitimate inspiration by the administration of an association. Subsequently, it v ery well may be said that human components are basic for the advancement of proper wellbeing and security the board framework in an association affecting the work execution (Bard, 2013). Explicit Human Factors and their Impact on Work Performance Human factors for the most part decide the connection among people and the frameworks through which they interface at their working environments (Human Factors, 2016). These variables are basic in an association to be considered for planning best work job and duties regarding a person as per his/her capacities. The three explicit human factors that sway the work execution of an individual are portrayed as follows: Occupation factors: It incorporates the fields, for example, nature of employment job, working conditions and the sort of strategic approaches and methodology embraced. The kind of employment job doled out to an individual must be as per human capacities and restrictions. This requires completing an appropriate coordinating of employment jobs and obligations to an individual physical just as mental quality and limitations (Human Factors, 2016). Singular elements: Individual components identify with the competency, aptitudes, demeanor and ability of a person that impacts the work job did by him/her. The aptitudes and capacities of an individual must be as per the activity job appointed (Human Factors, 2016). Hierarchical Factors: It incorporates sort of strategic approaches and techniques, culture, assets, correspondence stream and administration followed by an association. Solid stresses ought to be put on these components at the hour of structuring an occupation job for an individual (Human Factors, 2016). Basic Analysis of the Relationship Between Human Factors and Quality and Safety in Health Care Carayon et al (2013) expressed that the methodology of human components framework is profoundly basic to be actualized in the medicinal services associations for improving quality and patient wellbeing. The idea of human elements encourages social insurance experts to accentuate on the advancement of viable frameworks and work makers for giving wellbeing to the patients. It is vital for medicinal services experts to increase a top to bottom comprehension of the utilization of human factors in the day by day operational exercises. The advancement of an all around organized human variables framework is basic in medicinal services associations for guaranteeing wellbeing of the two staffs and patients (Human Factors Analysis in Patient Safety Systems, 2015). Human components, primarily, natural, hierarchical and singular variables assist wellbeing with caring experts to configuration best work frameworks that encourages them to complete best employment. The control of human elements cons olidates the fundamental study of security that helps in creating wellbeing practices and techniques in social insurance associations (Carayon et al., 2013). In the perspectives on Fryer (n.d.) the work-errand and individual related human elements hold a critical job in affecting the work execution and quality and wellbeing in social insurance. The word related jobs and duties of medicinal services experts incorporate giving top notch care administrations to the patients. The human services experts ought to have the important abilities and capabilities with the goal that they can comprehend the necessities and prerequisites of the patients in a fitting manner (Fryer, n.d.). The principle abilities required for medicinal services experts incorporates relational aptitudes, thinking abilities, innovative abilities, persistence, dynamic abilities and having a decent information about the kind of prescription to be given to the patients. It is the obligation of the executives in social insurance associations to distribute the obligations and duties to medicinal services experts according to their aptitudes and skills. According to the perspectives on Spath (2011) expressed that the essential abilities and capabilities can be obtained by human services experts through the assistance of preparing gave by the senior administration. They can have great information with respect to the work methodology and practices so they can suitably distinguish the wellbeing perils in care administrations. Moreover, they can structure and actualize wellbeing plan standards in work-forms for improving the nature of care administrations. The fundamental occupation jobs in human services associations incorporate of doctors, medical attendants and staff individuals for giving essential consideration administrations to the patients (Spath, 2011). The structuring of the working environment in medicinal services condition must be as per work-errand and individual human elements. Doctors ought to have great clinical information so as to give proper treatment to the patients. Attendants and other staff individuals associated with care co-appointment need to have great relational and relational abilities for meeting the differing needs of patients. The nearness of required aptitudes will encourage medicinal services experts to complete their work-task in a suitable manner in this manner upgrading their work execution. According to the perspectives on Cacciabue Vella (2010) the authoritative factors additionally assume an imperative job in affecting the quality and wellbeing in social insurance associations. Hierarchical elements incorporate workplace that must be condescended as per the patients requirement for wellbeing. The physical format of the heath care associations must be structured in a manner to shield the patients from a wellbeing peril. The associations should actualize the utilization of trend setting innovations, for example, electronic wellbeing peril and wellbeing data trade frameworks for giving top notch care administrations to the patients. The gear and hardware utilized in medicinal services associations ought to be appropriately intended for guaranteeing patients insurance. In this manner, the nearness of all these hierarchical components is basic in social insurance associations for upgrading its exhibition by shielding tolerant security and giving them top notch section of l and administrations (Cacciabue Vella, 2010). End Subsequently, it tends to be deduced from the conversation held in the article that human elements assumes a fundamental job in the planning of working environment condition in social insurance associations to guarantee the best fit among individuals and the work rehearses. The fruitful execution and selection of human variables is basic in medicinal services associations to upgrade the work execution. The human factors, for example, occupation, individual and authoritative are profoundly critical in social insurance for improving the work execution. The administration of medicinal services association should concentrate on these elements in between connection with one another at the hour of planning work jobs. These human components directly affect the work exhibitions of individual at social insurance working environment. In this manner, it ca

Great Sources For Samples of Compare and Contrast Essay For College Level

Great Sources For Samples of Compare and Contrast Essay For College LevelYou are taking the SAT or ACT or your chosen college course and you need to find some samples of compare and contrast essay. The internet is filled with great samples that you can use. But remember that it is not just online websites that are good, but also books you can find in your local library. Below I will outline some ways to find samples of compare and contrast essay for college students.A quick search for online writing samples will tell you that there are websites that offer them for free, but then you have to make sure that these are the quality ones. Some may offer you a lot of samples, but you have to check the user reviews. You want to be sure that the website has been around for at least two years.Another way to get samples of compare and contrast essay is by subscribing to a newsletter that is full of sample articles. These come from professional writers, even if you are only starting out in your career, you can benefit from them. These newsletters often come with access to websites that have samples that the writers have written. You can learn a lot from these.Books are also great sources of writing samples. Often you can find good writers whose work you have never heard of. These are people who are known for the best and most entertaining writing. If you like someone's writing, you can find samples of compare and contrast essay for college students that they have written.Finally, some good choices for books would be at your local bookstore. You can usually find good books that are focused on writing. If you do not know much about writing, it can be fun to read the books to learn more. While these books are free to you, remember that they are not always high quality. Sometimes the writer does not care too much about the quality of their writing.In my opinion, this is the best way to find good choices of compare and contrast essay for college level. If you need help finding great samples of compare and contrast essay for college level, you should consider hiring a professional writer. Even if you cannot afford to hire a professional, you can always check your local library for samples.So this is how you find some great samples of compare and contrast essay for college level. The internet is also another great source of samples of compare and contrast essay for college level. You will just have to make sure that the websites you are looking at are legitimate. There are many people out there who are just out to scam your hard earned money, so check the credibility of the websites.

How to Write a Persuasive Essay about Animal Testing

If you are a student, you are most likely well acquainted with persuasive essay as a writing format – it is one of the most widely used essay types, and for a good reason: after all, is there a better way to judge one’s mastery of language than to ask him to support this or that argument in written form? However, being acquainted with it doesn’t mean knowing how to perform such a task or how to perform it well. Hopefully, this short article will help you understand how this kind of work is supposed to be done. Using Animal Testing Facts in Your Essay So, you have to write a persuasive essay dedicated to animal testing. First of all, you should decide on your argument (if you are not given a point of view to support beforehand) – are you against or for animal testing? Or probably somewhere in between? Maybe you support it, but only in some cases or to a certain extent? Anyway, you should have a very clear understanding of what exactly you are going to be proving in your essay – after all, you are supposed not to give an objective evaluation of the topic, but to prove your point – and to that end you should use all the means available. Find animal testing facts that support your opinion; if you find facts that oppose it, you may either omit them altogether or address them separately by enumerating some arguments that make them look less important or trustworthy. If you are supposed to defend your point of view in a discussion after writing an essay, make sure to prepare counterarguments dealing with all the deb atable issues. Be ready! Tips on Writing an Essay on Animal Testing As you probably understand, animal testing is an extremely sensitive topic some animal rights groups demand its outright ban, others consider it to be more acceptable to limit it in some way, while a lot of people believe that science and progress should be considered above the well-being of animals. Whichever point of view you support, it is better to tread lightly and be as tactful and careful in your wording as possible. When you write an essay on animal testing (and any other persuasive essay, for that matter), it is advisable to show respect for all points of view. If you show that you are not afraid of admitting that other opinions have their positive sides, your own take on the issue will look much more solid. In most other aspects writing about animal testing is similar to writing about any other topic – you have to gather facts and arguments in favor of your point of view and present them in logical order. Try to look at your essay from the position of your possible opponent: which points seem to be weak, where your argumentation leaves much to be desired, what else you should add or delete. Pay attention to details, and your essay is sure to be well-received.

The Origins Of The Term Coaching - 1244 Words

The origins of the term â€Å"Coaching† come from a small town in Budapest, where wheel wagons pulled by horses carried people from one place to another. These wheeled vehicles were called â€Å"Kotsche†, meaning a transportation vehicle to help people go from one place to another. The â€Å"coaching† term was used officially for the first time by a professor at Oxford University to describe a tutor who was referred to as a student ‘carrier’. Today, coaching is defined as a method used for driving, instructing, and training individuals or groups in order to achieve a goal and objective. Coaching has existed since the emergence of human beings. Since ancient times, older people with richer experiences guided nascent individuals and taught them how to hunt, fight, etc., so that they could become effective, useful, and powerful in the community in which they belonged. Even in the 21st century, coaching begins at birth; parents are our first coaches, who teach us how to do things in a certain way and show us what is right and wrong. Then, teachers become our coaches by motivating and directing us toward becoming more effective and successful at what we do. Ultimately, we become an adult and join an organization, and then our bosses and managers become our coaches. Although the mutual goal of coaching is helping individuals to do their best by maximizing their performance, there are four different routes that can lead to this goal: Tutoring, Mentoring, Confronting, and High PerformanceShow MoreRelatedCoaching Vs. Private Development Essay1584 Words   |  7 PagesCoaching is a widely-used term with various meanings, depending on the situation. The term work usually refers to ways of serving to others to enhance, develop, learn new skills, and notice personal success, reach aims and to manage life amendment and private challenges. 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When TalentRead MoreThe Importance Of Communication And A Sports Coach1719 Words   |  7 PagesIn the topic of communication and care, one will be the discussing the importance of having interpersonal skills and written communication in sports coaching. This essay will also include the variety of skills a coach will need to progress in their line of business. In this essay, we will also be reviewing the positives and negatives of these forms of communication and how they can affect the job as a sports coach. Most say that communication is key to success in both the sports and business societyRead MoreBowen Family Systems Theory Summary1633 Words   |  5 Pagesunit in that the therapist will examine the relationships within the family system. It is the family systems therapist’s belief that there is somewhat of a cyclical dominoes effect in family systems that are referred to as circular causality. This term refers to the notion that influences on one subdivision of the family unit will inevitably influence other parts (Murdock, 2013). Although the entire family context is realized in the therapy room, the family member that is presenting the most challengesRead MoreAffirmative Doublethink919 Words   |  4 Pagesagain, to draw it back from oblivion for just as long as it is needed, to deny the existence of objective reality and all the while to take account of the reality which one denies – all this is indispensably necessary† (Orwell, 214). Essentially, the term mean to hold and believe two contradictory ideas/opinions. These ideas and opinions can contradict, logically, morally, and factu ally. Doublethink can both attack an idea and defend it. Doublethink can represent a solution that only aids the problem

Future Global Energy Production and Infrastructure Report

Question: Write about the Future Global Energy Production and Infrastructure Report. Answer: Introduction The energy availability is the essential and significant quality determinant of life in the settlements among human beings (Acar and Dincer 2014). Numerous countries especially the oil-importing developing countries have been affected seriously by energys high cost that has implemented the widespread balance of the difficulties of payment (Chu and Majumdar 2012). However, both the urban and rural areas have been affected adversely by current changing economics of energy, the associated issues of energy supply and the force of impact (McGlade and Ekins 2015). The environmental movement has provided a significant emphasis on the sustainability of the development as well as use of energy. The muscle power of animals and human beings was the first application of human energy and the food chain was the energy system in use (Ellabban, Abu-Rub and Blaabjerg 2014). Human beings have designed the energy systems with the objective of implementing most work, which is possible with the minimum a mount of human effort for generating the energy (Scheer 2013). The discoveries and the inventions of the Industrial revolution propelled the quest for more powerful energy sources. A seemingly inexhaustible and a large reliable energy source because essential for the transportation and industrial uses (Lesage and Van de Graaf 2016). Since the 16th century, human beings are making several innovations in energy production in association with the trends, demands and the growth in society (Ieropoulos, Greenman and Melhuish 2012). Thus, this study mainly focuses on the implementation of the analysis of energy sustainable factors. On the other hand, this study also focuses to speculate over the future challenges. How the needs and the production of energy would change in the coming centuries and decades are also aimed to be discussed in this report. Objective This study is aimed on the examination of the factors, which are related to the generation of energy for the commercial, global as well as the urban utilization. Therefore, in order to accomplish the major aim of this report, there could be few objectives of this report. These are as follows: To examine the factors associated with the generation of energy for the global, commercial and urban use To identify the global, rural and urban energy requirements To speculate over the future consequences as well as the challenges in regards to the energy generation factors in the urban and the rural areas over the world To examine the production of energy with respect to the rural or urban infrastructure, commercial use, individual use as well as the expansive factors. To identify the factors, which are critical to the future and the current challenges To address the challenges for meeting the sustainable needs in future Energy Sustainability Factors Brief History of Energy Development The mission for the more potential sources of energy was driven by the discoveries as well as the inventions of the industrial revolution (Acar and Dincer 2014). The requirement for the large quantities of transportable, dependable and accessible energy encouraged the energy sources exploration. The inventions associated with the industrial revolution given the equipment towards the further mine or drill the already visible deposits of oil and coal (Scheer 2013). The steam power was invented as well as implemented in the 1600s in conjunction with the coal mining for helping the pump water out of the mines (Holmberg, Andersson and Erdemir 2012). On the other hand, an improvised version of the steam engine was built as well as designed by James Watt in 1763. Therefore, the sun was also studied as the source of energy in the 18th century. Moreover, Alexander Becquerel invented that an electric current could be generated while the certain elements were exposed to light in 1839 (Moriarty and Honnery 2012). Therefore, the wind energy was also implemented on a wide scale in the US as the source of energy for the railroad stations and farms. During the 20th century the energy technologies have been developed in a very rapid manner (Chu and Majumdar 2012). The crude oil as well as its products had become an essential component of the economy of industries by the early part of the 20th century. Diversity of Energy Production In todays world, the energy diversity has helped in terms of balancing the costs, risks as well as the benefits in association with the production of electricity or another energy system (Lund et al. 2014). Maintaining or managing a diverse fuel supply or implementing or using the renewable sources for supplying energy can easily protect the consumers from the potential price volatility as well as the issues in regards to the environment sustainability (Darling and You 2013). In recent days, the solar as well as the wind energy generate a growing share of the electricity all over the world (Scheer 2013). People are relying more on the renewable energy sources in rural, urban as well as the global areas (Holmberg, Andersson and Erdemir 2012). On the other hand, it must be stated that the renewable energy systems are being utilized increasingly for the generation of electricity, either at the decentralized system at small scale with the capacity in the medium scale or the kW systems (S cheer 2013). Utilization of Energy Diversity in the Global World Diversity is a important as well as significant factor for the development of the energy systems (Scheer 2013). The energy diversity is very important in terms of providing the facility of power supply at the businesses as well as the homes of people all over the world (Ieropoulos, Greenman and Melhuish 2012). Therefore, it can also be stated that energy diversity is the most crucial factor for the world power consumption. The World energy consumption is the entire energy, which is used by all the human civilization (Ellabban, Abu-Rub and Blaabjerg 2014). The supply of energy has accomplished most of the needs of people all around the world. In the rural, urban as well as the global world, the energy supply has become mandatory. Thus, maintaining diversity while supplying energy is the pivotal point in order to effectively meet the need of people in the rural, urban as well as global areas all over the world (Lesage and Van de Graaf 2016). Energy diversity has evolved in order to cha nge the demands of the people who are living in the urban areas (Chu and Majumdar 2012). Along with that, energy diversity and the development of energy supply system have played the significant roles in order to make several important and popular technical innovations such as increment in the number of the electronic devices, electric cars, and many other inventions (Moriarty and Honnery 2012). On the other hand, the energy diversity can also play significant role in order to resolve the significant environmental issues of energy systems like peak oil production, global warming, and green house gas emission as well as the other issues. Challenges of Energy System The environmental sustainability is the major concern of the energy generation for all the urban, rural as well as the global areas all over the world. The major, especially the epic challenge of the 21st century is filling the gap between the demand with the clean, inexpensive and reliable energy as well as the energy supply (Holmberg, Andersson and Erdemir 2012). The environmental impact of the energy industry has become the major concern for people in the rural, urban and the global areas all over the world (Scheer 2013). The fossil fuel consumption has resulted in the climate change as well as the global warming (Srirangan et al. 2012). The electricity supply through the non-renewable sources can lead to the vulnerability of the decrement of the sources on the earth. However, the rapid advancement in the technologies can achieve the transition of the waste and water management and energy generation and food production to the energy usage and environmental practice utilizing the m ethods industrial and systems ecology (Darling and You 2013). Climate change, bio-fuel use, fossil fuel, electricity generation, wind power generation and the nuclear power generation are the major issues with energy generations which can create significant impacts over the urban, rural and the global systems (Acar and Dincer 2014). On the other hand, as per the governance and the legislative issues of the energy sustainability, it can be stated that the governments of many developing countries have failed to implement the proper rules and regulations in order to mitigate the environmental issues of energy production (McGlade and Ekins 2015). The usage of the renewable sources of energy has become the most important agenda for all over the world (Moriarty and Honnery 2012). However, the governments of several countries have failed to properly concentrate on the enhancement of the usage of these energy sources by implementing strict and effective rules and regulations (Lesage and Van de Graaf 2016). Therefore, it is the most important concern for people to think about and implementation of the mitigation technique to mitigate the issues with the energy sustainability. Summary This report has provided a brief background regarding global energy production before the beginning of the execution of the study. This study has also identified all the objectives which are very important to be accomplished by the entire analysis depicted in this report. On the other hand, in the energy sustainability factor section, a brief history of the global energy production has been portrayed. On the other hand, this section has also provided the crucial idea regarding the utilization of energy diversity along with the explanation of the energy diversity in the global world incorporating rural, urban and the global places over the world. Apart from that, this section has also identified as well as portrayed the challenges of energy system. Most importantly, this report has also shed light on all the recommending strategies to resolve the issues with energy sustainability in association with the global energy production. Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion After conducting the entire study, it can be stated that the urban, rural as well as the global areas all over the world are the major areas that have to face the positive and the negative impacts of the environmental sustainability the most. This study has successfully portrayed this particular fact with the sound analysis of the issues of the environmental sustainability. Along with that, this study has also successfully incorporated all the factors of the energy sustainability. On the other hand, it must be stated after the completion of the report that the government of different developing countries over the global world should follow all the recommendations or the mitigation techniques provided in the below subsection. The government of the countries can significantly play a crucial role in order to mitigate the environmental impact of the systems by implementing the suitable and effective legislations. Recommendations There can be few significant ways or the techniques through which the issues and the negative environmental impacts associated with the energy generation over the urban, rural as well as the global areas around the globe can be resolved. Energy Conservation This particular effort should be implemented as it can reduce the issues with the consumption of energy. It can be achieved with the help of the enhanced use of the efficient energy, in association with the decreased consumption of energy and minimized consumption from the sources of conventional energy. It can lead to the enhanced human comfort, personal security, national security, environmental quality as well as financial capital. The organizations and the individuals those are energys direct consumers select for conserving energy for reducing the costs of energy and promote the economic security over the rural and urban areas. Energy Policy It should be the manner in that a provided entity often government entity has made the decision for addressing the energy development energy incorporating energy consumption, distribution and production. The energy policy attributes may incorporate the international treaties, legislation, investment incentives and guideline for the taxation, conservation of energy and other techniques of public policy. References Acar, C. and Dincer, I., 2014. Comparative assessment of hydrogen production methods from renewable and non-renewable sources.International journal of hydrogen energy,39(1), pp.1-12. Bose, B.K., 2013. Global energy scenario and impact of power electronics in 21st century.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,60(7), pp.2638-2651. Chu, S. and Majumdar, A., 2012. Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future.nature,488(7411), pp.294-303. Coady, D.P., Parry, I., Sears, L. and Shang, B., 2015. How large are global energy subsidies?. Darling, S.B. and You, F., 2013. The case for organic photovoltaics.Rsc Advances,3(39), pp.17633-17648. Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H. and Blaabjerg, F., 2014. Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,39, pp.748-764. Holmberg, K., Andersson, P. and Erdemir, A., 2012. Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars.Tribology International,47, pp.221-234. Ieropoulos, I., Greenman, J. and Melhuish, C., 2012. Urine utilisation by microbial fuel cells; energy fuel for the future.Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,14(1), pp.94-98. Lesage, D. and Van de Graaf, T., 2016.Global energy governance in a multipolar world. Routledge. Lund, H., Werner, S., Wiltshire, R., Svendsen, S., Thorsen, J.E., Hvelplund, F. and Mathiesen, B.V., 2014. 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH): Integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems.Energy,68, pp.1-11. McGlade, C. and Ekins, P., 2015. The geographical distribution of fossil fuels unused when limiting global warming to 2 [deg] C.Nature,517(7533), pp.187-190. Moriarty, P. and Honnery, D., 2012. What is the global potential for renewable energy?.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,16(1), pp.244-252. Scheer, H., 2013.The solar economy: Renewable energy for a sustainable global future. Routledge. Srirangan, K., Akawi, L., Moo-Young, M. and Chou, C.P., 2012. Towards sustainable production of clean energy carriers from biomass resources.Applied Energy,100, pp.172-186.

The Bay Of Pigs Invasion. Essays (4359 words) -

The Bay Of Pigs Invasion. The story of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs is one of mismanagement, overconfidence, and lack of security. The blame for the failure of the operation falls directly in the lap of the Central Intelligence Agency and a young president and his advisors. The fall out from the invasion caused a rise in tension between the two great superpowers and ironically 34 years after the event, the person that the invasion meant to topple, Fidel Castro, is still in power. To understand the origins of the invasion and its ramifications for the future it is first necessary to look at the invasion and its origins. Part I: The Invasion and its Origins. The Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961, started a few days before on April 15th with the bombing of Cuba by what appeared to be defecting Cuban air force pilots. At 6 a.m. in the morning of that Saturday, three Cuban military bases were bombed by B-26 bombers. The airfields at Camp Libertad, San Antonio de los Ba?os and Antonio Maceo airport at Santiago de Cuba were fired upon. Seven people were killed at Libertad and forty-seven people were killed at other sites on the island. Two of the B-26s left Cuba and flew to Miami, apparently to defect to the United States. The Cuban Revolutionary Council, the government in exile, in New York City released a statement saying that the bombings in Cuba were . . . carried out by 'Cubans inside Cuba' who were 'in contact with' the top command of the Revolutionary Council . . . . The New York Times reporter covering the story alluded to something being wrong with the whole situation when he wondered how the council knew the pilots were coming if the pilots had only decided to leave Cuba on Thursday after . . . a suspected betrayal by a fellow pilot had precipitated a plot to strike . . . . Whatever the case, the planes came down in Miami later that morning, one landed at Key West Naval Air Station at 7:00 a.m. and the other at Miami International Airport at 8:20 a.m. Both planes were badly damaged and their tanks were nearly empty. On the front page of The New York Times the next day, a picture of one of the B-26s was shown along with a picture of one of the pilots cloaked in a baseball hat and hiding behind dark sunglasses, his name was withheld. A sense of conspiracy was even at this early stage beginning to envelope the events of that week. In the early hours of April 17th the assault on the Bay of Pigs began. In the true cloak and dagger spirit of a movie, the assault began at 2 a.m. with a team of frogmen going ashore with orders to set up landing lights to indicate to the main assault force the precise location of their objectives, as well as to clear the area of anything that may impede [Map of Cuba was here] the main landing teams [Link to Map to be added when when they arrived. At time permits] 2:30 a.m. and at 3:00 a.m. two battalions came ashore at Playa Gir?n and one battalion at Playa Larga beaches. The troops at Playa Gir?n had orders to move west, northwest, up the coast and meet with the troops at Playa Larga in the middle of the bay. A small group of men were then to be sent north to the town of Jaguey Grande to secure it as well. (See figure 1). When looking at a modern map of Cuba it is obvious that the troops would have problems in the area that was chosen for them to land at. The area around the Bay of Pigs is a swampy marsh land area which would be hard on the troops. The Cuban forces were quick to react and Castro ordered his T-33 trainer jets, two Sea Furies, and two B-26s into the air to stop the invading forces. Off the coast was the command and control ship and another vessel carrying supplies for the invading forces. The Cuban air force made

Importance of Rhetorical Theory in Communication Essays

Importance of Rhetorical Theory in Communication Essays Importance of Rhetorical Theory in Communication Essay Importance of Rhetorical Theory in Communication Essay Importance of Rhetorical Theory in Communication â€Å"What do you think about Rhetorical theory? Do you think, it’s something essential for our speaking, something we can’t do without? † – that was the start of my writing this essay, the first question that aroused in my mind, when I started it. Why should I write about the thing I even can’t feel, touch or taste. Is it really so important? Before reading some works and watching some videos in the light of Rhetorical theory, I couldn’t find in my head the answer to this question. So I started to ask parents, friends and nobody could give me a definite answer. As a result the start of my work was much more than pessimistic. Unfortunately, I couldn’t attend your lectures on that subject, and in fact, I’ve never paid so much attention to that subject. I didn’t know what to write about. But watching the links you had sent us, I found out that there was something that is really good to know, to learn and to use in our everyday life. Aristotle defines the rhetorician as someone who is always able to see what is persuasive. We can say that if we learn the â€Å"science† of Rhetoric we’ll be able to persuade people. But do we really need this? In my opinion, when a person hears that he/she will have the capacity of persuading anybody of anything, what thoughts appear in his/her mind? I think not only good one. So this capacity can be used both for good and bad purposes, it can have great benefits as well as great harms. Aristotle himself considers it useful, but is it really so? Being 21 years old, and having studied at our faculty for almost 5 years, I know for sure language is a weapon. As any other weapon it should be kept in good hands. Trying to learn the most important points of Aristotle’s Theory I can say that it’s great, interesting, though written hundred of years ago, modern, exciting and I can continue the list of epithets. I really want to learn the art of speaking; I think I lack this capacity. While reading, many times I asked myself why, so to say, â€Å"bad hands† learn the ability of this â€Å"weapon† so quickly? In the last several weeks I studied the works of two scientists – Aristotle and Kenneth Burk – on the question of Rhetorical Theory. A â€Å"pioneer† in this sphere we can call Aristotle, of course. I always admire theories, methods that can work out for centuries. That’s really a factor, that a person discovered something revolutionary. His great contribution to the study was done by his trilogy Rhetoric. In these books scientists usually point out two main divisions. The first division consists in the distinction of Three Means of Persuasion. As we know, speech consists basically of three things: the speaker, the subject that is touched in the speech, and the listener to whom the speech is addressed. According to Aristotle that’s why only three means of persuasion are possible: 1) In the character of the speaker, ) In the emotional state of the hearer, 3) In the argument itself. The second division concerns the three species of public speech. The first species is defined as deliberative species. Here belong speeches that take place at some meetings, assemblies and so on. In this species the speaker either advises the audience to do something or warns against doin g something. Accordingly, the audience has to judge things that are going to happen in the future, and they have to decide whether these future events are good or bad for the community, whether they will cause advantage or harm. As an example of this kind of speech I can call a well-known address of the 32nd President of the US, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, to the members of the 77th Congress. I think that’s an excellent example, because this speech is full of the elements – metaphors, retrospectives into the history of the USA, possible outcomes in different situations – all this press exactly on necessary points. The second species is judicial species. By the name we can understand that it concerns speeches that one can hear in a court. The speaker either accuses or defends somebody. Naturally, this kind of speech treats things that happened in the past. The audience or rather jury has to judge whether a past event was just or unjust, according or contrary to the law. In this species the right use of means of persuasion play a great role, I think. What I mean is that a lawyer should arrange and explain these past events in such a way, so that jury believes they’re just. So the level of knowing these means can sometimes turn a guilty person into an innocent one. And Hollywood provides us with a number of such examples. To my mind the best movies, where we can observe a brilliant usage of the Language are The Devil’s Advocate and Law Abiding Citizen. And lawyers sometimes use the third species of public speech that is epideictic. It praises or blames somebody; it tries to describe things or deeds of the respective person as honorable or shameful. While the deliberative and judicial species have their context in a controversial situation in which the listener has to decide in favor of one of two opposing parties, the third species does not aim at such a decision. Aristotle wrote his books centuries ago, but it’s still very up-to-date. The second theory was written in the 20th century. So it’s really very modern. Its author is language expert Kenneth Burke. Unlike Aristotle, whose means of persuasion were based only on verbal elements, Burke included nonverbal elements into his theory. Its main points are that any message in the language can be analyzed with the help of â€Å"Dramatistic Pentad† – that is the name which Burke gave to his method. To this method one very famous quote is appropriate: â€Å"All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players! † Burke said that we choose words because of their dramatic potential, and that we each have preference for particular parts of the pentad. These elements of the pentad are: scene, act, agent, agency and purpose. Scene is a situation, the place where the action of the act occurs, something like a container that include occasion, event, time. Some people believe that changing the scene changes everything else. Act explores what happened, what took place or what someone consciously did. Agent is the person or group of people who perform the act. Agency is the technique or method by which the agent achieves their goals. Purpose is the reason that the agent acts, the outcome they are seeking from what they do. Sometimes it’s obvious and in the open, at other times the agent’s purpose may be covert and hidden. Burke also noted how you can understand the message by observing how pairs of these elements interrelate in ratios (scene-act, agent-agency, purpose-act and every other combination available). I would like to show how this method works on one message that has made a great impression on me. So this message is The Montana Meth Project. I can say for sure that The Montana Meth Project is one of the greatest campaigns that have ever taken place in the history. This campaign was developed by Tom Siebel, a retired billionaire who applies marketing techniques to social problems. Right these techniques are of great interest to me. The reason for this project was the destructive influence of methamphetamine epidemic in Montana. People will say that every region has the problem of drugs, why should we call it epidemic. But it really was this. Almost 50% of young population of Montana was meth users. The most shocking for me was the fact that only few in the state knew about this problem. But still, why should we call it epidemic? Before answering we should know what â€Å"epidemic† is. Collins Dictionary says the following: a rapid development, spread, or growth of something, especially something unpleasant. That’s it. Taking drugs means not only use of them. We should always keep in mind that drugs cause other â€Å"unpleasant† things: robbery, murders, prostitution, health problems and it’s not the full list. The community is ill. It needs help. For Montana this help came. Tom Siebel chose the best way to help the state – to show the truth. Besides direct active social work with the target population (12- to 17-year-olds in Montana who have never taken drugs) marketing methods of the campaign included shock-ads, short videos that show the horrible, destructive influence of meths on the appearance, health, private and social life of the addicted person. The campaign’s slogan is ‘‘Not Even Once’’ and its goal is to discourage young people from trying the drug. The campaign has received both praise and criticism for its techniques. I would like to show how Burke’s Theory works on the example of these shock-ads. The most shocking for me were three of them Bath Tub, Parents and Boyfriend. Bath Tub shows a teenager preparing to go out in the evening. While showering she sees blood and a naked meth user crouching beside her. We understand that this meth user is this girl in her future as a meth addict. Parents shows a teenager violently trying to enter his locked home with his frightened parents huddle inside. As he screams and bangs on the door, the voice of his pre-meth self tells how he gets along with his parents and how they trust him. The episode â€Å"Boyfriend† depicts us young lady, a meth-user who has to prostitute for money. While her client gives money to the boy, she says: â€Å"I love my boyfriend so much, he does everything for me†. This cruel, on the one hand, and true-to-life videos, on the other, persuade us very good that we shouldn’t try drugs Not Even Once. If to look at them in the light of the Dramatistic Pentad, we can name the following elements: the agent is a teenager; the scene includes places and situations in which a teenager may find him/herself; the act is using meth –either doing it or not. The purpose is choice, being an independent person by deciding between two acts. The agency is being able to see both options. If to see at the project in the light of the theory of persuasion, we can point out several elements that strengthen the effect of persuasion: 1. The project has a well-defined target population. 2. Creators use such sources of persuasion that will definitely work. 3. There are dramatic before-and-after shots of meth users to show the drug’s devastating physical effects. Though the project was sometimes badly criticized, it has its positive outcome: the meth use considerably dropped and as result the number of crimes dropped, too. Teenagers started to realize that using drugs is â€Å"uncool†. There were attempts to replicate this project in other states, but there is a problem. Such campaigns need great funding. Government doesn’t have enough money to do it. In the history of the US there were other remarkable anti-drug campaigns. For example, Nancy Reagan’s â€Å"Just Say No† campaign. It took place in the time of Reagan’s presidentship. There were used similar ways of persuasion. The most interesting thing for me was, that this project was used in the whole country. And once the first lady even tried to make it international. The second interesting thing is that in their videos besides teenagers, who were saying NO to drugs, sometimes included famous people. They also said NO on TV, they so to say gave good example. There also were written several songs for the support of this campaign. In the end, I want to say that now I know the answer to the question I started with. Rhetoric is an important part of our life. We should now what and whom and when to speak. Ancient and modern scientists did tremendous work. There a number of different theories, that can help us to achieve our goals. We just should learn them and then nothing is impossible.

Privacy and Security in E-Commerce Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Privacy and Security in E-Commerce - Assignment Example An overly secure environment looks into the security of the transaction by creating passwords and logins in order to ensure privacy and confidentiality of the details of the transactions. In cases where e-commerce involves financial transactions, the risk of loss of money becomes high hence making security issues key to e-commerce. However, both open and overly secure environments have both advantages and disadvantages. There are various advantages of conducting business in open environments. First, users will not require login and passwords in order to navigate on the websites. Paying for items or making orders will not require one to give login for identification purposes. This makes the process easy and faster compared to a secure environment where login is required. The graphical user interface of open environments is simpler and easy to use hence cause customer satisfaction and convenience (Becker, 2008). Cost advantage also arises in an open environment. There is no cost involv ed in developing a secure environment thereby reducing the need to engage experts in developing the site. The costs of hosting such a website are also lower compared to that of an over security environment which requires shrewd experts to develop. However, the cost may arise where customers sue the business for protection purposes. On the other hand, browsing in an insecure open environment is characterized by various drawbacks. To begin with, the computers can be hacked thus infringing on private information. This may make the future transactions insecure and further cause loss of resources. Moreover, it would be easier to get computer virus attacks, which could stall operations and further cause loss of data that may be expensive to acquire. In addition, a company can be faced with innumerable cases from customers for violation of privacy. Because of the multiple suits, the company risks spending colossal amounts in compensating the customers. In instances that the transactions in volve payment of money or transfers of money, open environments are inappropriate because unauthorized third parties might access the customers’ private information. There are cases in which customers have been defrauded money hence causing panic and financial losses to the parties. If this happens, the customers’ confidence and trust are lost hence making open environments riskier and disadvantageous. Similar to an open environment, an overly secure environment also has several advantages and drawbacks. On the side of the advantages, overly secure environment makes customers feel secure therefore promoting online sales. The high number of sales increases the revenues and reduces transaction cost associated with physical transactions. The businesses in ensuring security further achieve their fiduciary obligations of making their customers secure and hence get shielded from legal cases that may arise. A feeling of security encourages repeat purchases. Secondly, overly s ecure environment ensures that the business information is protected from hackers and crackers. When online purchases are made in an open environment, the business equipment and information will remain confidential from being stolen.  

Arrow Electronics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Arrow Electronics - Essay Example Zeus to military and aerospace customers, wile, A/S & Anthem to industrial customers. The two other groups were product driven and they are Gates/Arrow distributing and selling primary computer systems, peripherals and software, Capstone electronics passive components. In all the groups Arrow/Schweber (A/S), the largest of Arrow's working groups having higher levels of technological expertise through technical certification of its field sales representatives (FSR). A/S operations were configured by branch, headed by General Manager includes Field sales and inside sales representatives, products managers, field application engineers and others. Overall six VP's oversaw A/S's 39 branch mangers. Arrow electronics was a broad line distribution of electronic parts including semiconductor and passive components, under the leadership of Stephen Kaufman and reached the number one position among electronics distributors by 1992. Most of the distribution companies' worldwide passing through co nsolidation phase and small number of large companies capturing the top tier of the markets by 1997. Arrow's nearest competitors in 1996 is Avnet Inc. having sales around 20% less than Arrow during the year. Other competitors of Arrow, are Future electronics, Pioneer standard, Wyle and Marshall Industries and all have only quarter size of Arrow in total sales volume and earned less than Arrow's largest operating group. Arrow is making profit and earned more than $6.5 billion in sales in 1996. This situation shows Arrow position is very strong in the market having only one genuine competitor Avnet Inc. Creating more value. Basically distributors like Arrow's relationship and dependence with suppliers are vice-versa where both depend on each other. In an electronic industry where top 10 suppliers controls 80% of products, A/S's suppliers list included 56 companies in 1997 and growing. This shows that A/S is not solely dependent on top suppliers or selected few suppliers but effective management of large number of suppliers is not an easy job and requires better networking which incurs high cost. A/S's largest supplier Altera, the manufacturer of proprietary programmable logic device (PLD's) supplies 80% of its products through two distributors capable of providing value added programming required by individual customers. Large suppliers like Intel, Taxes instruments and Motorola are the other 3 of the big four suppliers for the A/S. Now before analyzing A/S on the basis of value provider, we should first understand what is value chain and how it work What is value: The value chain is a system of interdependent rather than independent activities. The way one activity is performed usually has an impact on the way other activities and undertaken. The ability to coordinate the linkages enhances the scope of cutting costs or increasing differentiation. The first step is to identify all the value chain activities that are relevant to the business. The value chain must be defined broadly enough to include all the activities that influence profitability. Once companies like Arrow's identifies how profits are distributed across the industry value chain, it has a better idea of how to reconstruct the value chain to improve performance. Indeed new business models emerge by virtue of their superior ability to create and deliver value. A company can create a stronger competitive position for itself on the value chain by addressing important issues like: How value is being captured; The gap

School Prayer Essay Example for Free

School Prayer Essay In simple terms, prayer is talking to God or a god. During that conversation, the person praying may use his or her own words or, â€Å"a set order of words,† such as the Lord’s Prayer to speak to God, may â€Å"request or wish† something from a God. The conversation may be vocal or silent. Questions involving school prayer are among the most argumentative questions posed to the courts. This has been the case decades ago and still occurring today. The history of prayer in the public education system is a story of legal rendering. The relationship between religion and government in the United States is governed by the First Amendment of the Constitution, which both prevents the government from establishing religion and protects privately initiated religious expression and activities from government discrimination. The First Amendment establishes certain limits on the conduct of public school officials as it relates to religious activity, including prayer. The First Amendment says, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, [known as the Establishment Clause], or prohibiting the free exercise thereof [known as the Free Exercise Clause],† (U.  S. Constitution) When deciding a case, the court has to balance between favoring a religion and prohibiting it. Landmark Case: Engle vs. Vitale The Supreme Court has many times held that the First Amendment requires public school leaders to be neutral in their treatment of religion. This means not showing favoritism toward any religion but yet not showing any hostile expression towards any religious doings, such as prayer. One of the most famous court cases involving religion and public schools happened in a New York City school district in the 1950s. Each morning before classes started, students would say a twenty-two word prayer that was created by the school board. Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. A few parents objected, saying that this school promoted prayer violated the First Amendment. The New York Supreme Court ruled against the parents, who was represented by Stephen Engle. After taking their claim to a higher court numerous times, the court case Engle v. Vitale (1962), finally made it to the Supreme Court. In 1962 the Supreme Court Judges voted, the vote was 6 to 1, deciding that the twenty-two word prayer was unconstitutional. It was decided that the prayer, â€Å"singled out a particular religious practice contradicting the Establishment Clause of the First Amendement. † (Haas 48) This landmark case is one of the significant case laws used in order to determine neutrality in questions of school prayer. It was decided that teachers and other public school officials may not lead their classes in prayer, devotional readings from the Bible, or other religious activities. Engel v. Vitale, 370 U. S. 421 (1962) Violation of the Establishment Clause: Sante Fe v. Doe While school leaders may not lead their students in prayer, according to 105 ILCS 20/5, Students do have the right to pray at school. They must respect the schools policies, regulations, and rules that are in place regarding any disruption to the educational system. This being said, â€Å"students may read their Bibles during study hall or other non-structured time, may say grace, and may discuss religion with their peers during non-directed free time, such as time spent on the playground, on a school bus, in the hallways, or in the cafeteria. † (Braun 184) This student right and Illinois compiled statute was tested in the case of Sante Fe Independent School District v. Doe. Santa Fe v. Doe centered on the Santa Fe Independent School District policy allowing student-led prayer before football games. Santa Fe Independent School District had a history of student-led prayer. The students were elected by their peers to lead prayer at a school event. An Appellate Court ruling found that the district’s policy was unconstitutional in accordance with the Establishment Clause. The Court stated that the policy was not only an actual endorsement of prayer, but also a perceived endorsement, and, therefore, sent a message to nonbelievers that they were outsiders and that believers were the favored group in the community If the prayer is student lead, driven, and initiated it does not go against the constitution. The Supreme Court ruled saying, â€Å"The delivery of such a message, over the schools public address system, by a speaker representing the student body, under the supervision of the school faculty, and pursuant to a school policy that explicitly and implicitly encourages public prayer is not properly characterized as private speech† (Santa Fe v. Doe, 2000). Moment of Silence for Prayer: Wallace v. Jaffrey? So far a few things have been decided. The first is that any school-sponsored religious practice is prohibited because it is in violation of the Establishment Clause. The second thing is that students do have a right to freely exercise their personal religious practices as long as they do it during non-structured times; but where does the law stand on moments of silence that schools use for personal prayer times? After court cases such as Engle vs. Vitale it was obvious that religion in schools was diminishing. To counter back at these Supreme Court rulings many states started establishing moments of silence at the beginning of each school day as a substitute for the vocal prayer that had been taken away. These moments of silence are permissible as long as they are done for a secular purpose. Wallace v. Jaffrey is the only case that the Supreme Court has heard on a moment of silence in schools. The case contested an Alabama law that established a moment of silence for the purpose of â€Å"meditation or voluntary prayer† (Wallace v. Jaffrey, 1985). The court found that the statue was unconstitutional because it was enacted solely for the purpose of promoting religion in schools. The majority opinion found that any statute establishing a moment of silence that included the word â€Å"prayer† was unconstitutional. 1985 the Supreme Court concluded that Alabama’s silent meditation and prayer statute violated the Establishment Clause. Alexander 217) Explaining how this ruling came to be, an understanding of how our courts can make such a decision is needed first. The Establishment Clause Tests: The Supreme Court uses three tests to determine violations of the Establishment Clause. The tests may be considered singularly or together to determine constitutionality. The court has repeatedly stressed that the Constitution prohibits public schools from teaching children in religion. But it is not always easy to determine exactly what constitutes teaching or school sponsorship of religious acts. To help explain the establishment clause, which is often a question in issues of school prayer, the court uses several tests. The three main tests include the Lemon, coercion, and endorsement test. Lemon Test: The Lemon test gets its name from the 1973 decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman, in which the Court struck down a state program that was giving aid to religious elementary and secondary schools. The Lemon test is a three prong test, each part being just as important as the other two. Using the Lemon test, a court must first determine whether the law or government action in question has a secular purpose. This prong is based on the idea that government should only concern itself in civil matters, leaving religion to the conscience of the individual. Second, a court would ask whether the state action has the primary effect of advancing or inhibiting religion. Finally, the court would consider whether the action excessively entangles religion and government. While religion and government must interact at some points while co-existing in society, the concern here is that they do not so overlap and intertwine that people have difficulty differentiating between the two. Although this test has come under fire from certain Supreme Court Justices, it has never been over turned, and it is still used to guide decisions in courts today. Coercion Test: Some justices propose allowing more government support for religion than the Lemon test allows, their support stands with the coercion test. Justice Kennedy created the coercion test in Lee v. Weisman. The coercion test is used to determine whether or not the government coerced participation in the religious activity. In regard to public schools, it is used to determine whether or not students experienced a coercive effect. Based on the 1992 case of Lee v. Weisman, 505 U. S. 577 the religious practice is examined to see to what extent, if any, pressure is applied to force or â€Å"coerce† individuals to participate. The Court has defined that the government does not violate the establishment clause unless it, (1) provides direct aid to religion in a way that would tend to establish a state church, or (2) coerces people to support or participate in religion against their will. Even the coercion test is subject to varying interpretations. This was evident and illustrated in Lee v.  Weisman. Endorsement Test: The third test that was proposed by Justice Sandra Day OConnor is the endorsement test. It was used in the 1984 case of Lynch v. Donnelly, asking whether a particular government action amounts to an endorsement of religion, thus violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Its with this test that a government action is invalid if it creates a perception in the mind of a reasonable observer that a religion is being endorsed or disapproved. The endorsement test has been included into the Lemon test. While the endorsement test has been applied in many cases, it has not produced a conclusive answer to the question of constitutionality in all cases. There is a forth test that is sometimes used in establishment-clause decisions, it is the neutrality test. While the Lemon, coercion, and endorsement test are used in matters of expression the neutrality test is mainly used in issues dealing with funding. Making sure the government is giving neutral aid to public and religious schools with no religious promotion. Because of its dealings and ruling in funding matters, the neutrality test is not often used in issues of prayer in public schools. The Wallace case is legally significant for representing the value of neutrality underlying the Establishment Clause. It also showed the significance for the Lemon test as the main test for evaluating the constitutionality of public school involvement in religion. The Court in Wallace showed its position that the Establishment Clause â€Å"‘requires the state to be a neutral in its relations with groups of religious believers and non-believers. ’† (Lofaso 30) The Court then concluded that Alabama’s moment-of-silence statute violated the Establishment Clause because it failed the purpose prong of the Lemon test: â€Å"The legislature enacted . . for the sole purpose of expressing the State’s endorsement of prayer activities for one minute at the beginning of each school day. Does Location of the Prayer Matter? It was almost a half-century ago that the Supreme Court in Engle v. Vitale established that daily prayer in the classroom is unconstitutional. Since then, this thought has grown due to cases where location of the prayer have been put into question. Now the Supreme Court extends their thinking to include, â€Å"any particular form of prayer which is to be used as an official prayer in carrying on any program of governmentally sponsored religious activity. The Supreme Court continued to keep watch even when school prayer moved outside the classroom to a graduation ceremony. In Lee v. Weisman, principals at public schools in Providence, Rhode Island invited clergy to speak at graduations. The principals provided the clergy with guidelines, which essentially boiled down to keeping the prayers nonsectarian. When Principal Lee invited a rabbi to give a prayer at Nathan Bishop Middle School’s graduation, Deborah Weisman and her parents objected. When the Weismans alleged a violation of the Establishment Clause, the school board argued that an event as significant as graduation warranted prayer. The lower courts agreed with the Weismans and the Supreme Court affirmed. The school board argued that graduation was a voluntary event. The Court dismissed this argument, finding graduation to be an important event in a student’s life that must not be forfeited due to different religious beliefs and that the government must not get involved. In 1992 the Court decided that it was unconstitutional for a member of the clergy to deliver an invocation or benediction at a public school graduation, and that in doing so, the school endorsed religion and required students who were non-believers to accept the religious practices. Conclusion: Supreme Court decisions provide insight into the debate against school prayer. Because of the various Court rulings on the school prayer issue, we do have a foundation to base other decisions off of when issues arise with mixing church and state in the public educational system. Students today can not be forced to recite any prayer that has been endorsed by the school, but they may practice a moment of silence during the school day as long as they are not required to use that time for prayer. Students are also free to exercise their religious beliefs. They may read their Bibles during non structured time and pray as long as they are following the rules and regulations regarding school disruption. If at any time the state gets involved, or the activities become school-sponsored then the religious acts are unconstitutional and violate the First Amendment. It is important to remember that the United States exists today because the founders sought to live in a country free from government interference, especially concerning religion. Individuals are free to exercise their beliefs as long as they are not forcing those beliefs unto others.

Lakota Woman Essay -- American History Native Americans Essays

Lakota Woman Mary was born with the name Mary Brave Bird. She was a Sioux from the Rosebud Reservation in South Dakota. She belonged to the "Burned Thigh," the Brule Tribe, the Sicangu. The Brules are part of the Seven Sacred Campfires, the seven tribes of the Western Sioux known collectively as the Lakota. The Brule rode horses and were great warriors. Between 1870 and 1880 all Sioux were driven into reservations, fenced in and forced to give up everything. Her family settled in on the reservation in a small place called He-Dog. Her grandpa was a He-Dog and told about the Wounded Knee massacre. Almost three hundred Sioux men, women, and children were killed by white soldiers. Mary was called a iyeska, a breed which the white kids called her. She had white peoples blood in her. Her face was very Indian, but her skin was light. She hated being "white" and loved the summer because she would tan and make her look more Indian. She had a husband from the Crow Dogs which were full-bloods. They were the Sioux of the Sioux. Her people had very strong family ties and everyone cared for everyone. Still even though the white man has ruined their close family ties they have many traditions which keep the intermediate family closely tied together. The whites however completely destroyed the tiyospaye, which is the extended family like the grandparents, uncles and aunts, in-laws and cousins. The government tore the tiyospaye apart and forced the Sioux into the kind of relationship now called the nuclear family. Those who refused to be ruined by the government were pushed back in the country and into isolation and starvation. Her father, Bill Moore, was only part Indian and mostly white. He left almost immediately after Mary was born becaus... ...eonard returned home the entire town came to welcome him. When Leonard returned home the entire tribe came to welcome him. They had a big feast and Mary too was honored. Mary got a new name, Ohitika Win, Brave Woman. She was very honored and proud to have a True Indian name. Both Leonard and Mary had to get used to the changes they both endured over the time Leonard was in jail. Mary was no longer a shy Sioux woman walking with downcast eyes in the footsteps of some man. Mary and her sister were apart for a long time and grew far apart. They no longer viewed things as they used to. Mary Promised herself that she would Sun Dance for four years straight. She started to dance by making flesh offerings for those brothers and sisters who had died. "It was at that moment that I, a white-educated half blood, became wholly Indian. I experienced a great rush of happiness."

Marketing Essay – FedEx Corporation

Fed acquired Kink in 2004 for $2. 4 billion, ‘expand[inning] its presence among small and midsized businesses that have long been Kink's main customer base'. Fed Chairman stated â€Å"it [was] supremely logical for [them] to offer arrives to the whitewall's and office segment that are analogous to what [they] offer [their] corporate customer base† (Deutsche, 2003). Fed has a more defined white-collar customer base, mainly consisting of â€Å"fast-cycle logistics shippers seeking time-definite morning deliveries† (Richer, 2009).Their services will meet demands for time-definite morning deliveries to wholesalers,' (ibid. ) manufacturing businesses, retail stores, and high-value goods. 10 Recommendations Although Fed has been successful in moving into the international arena, it still does not have a competitive advantage in the shipping industry. Its chief competitor, UPS, controls the ground shipping market (see Appendix A), guaranteeing them a large portion of the domestic market share.Fed should maintain a controlling stake in the express delivery market while increasing their market share in domestic ground delivery, by further differentiating itself from UPS through innovation and service offerings. Securing more business partnerships, even at slightly lower margins, will help develop brand loyalty. This is especially true of long-term contracts with large firms. Studies predict the international package market will grow by 5-6% in the coming ears, nearly double the expected annual growth in world GAP (Waistlines, 2014).Fed should continuously invest capital in Asia, whilst penetrating into foreign markets by partnering with local carriers. This will give them valuable insight into a relatively foreign and unknown market. Acquiring smaller shipping companies, such as Excel (I-J) or Suppose (France) also increases their international reach. Fed could seek alternative energy sources to reduce their operating costs. Investing in solar power or bio-fuels could help counter additional costs due to increased fuel prices.Fed should utilize economic aircrafts to increase their carrying capacity, thereby reducing the number of operating planes. Lastly, by forging strategic alliances with oil and gas suppliers, they could bargain for discounts, whilst curtailing the negative effects associated with volatile oil supplies. Looking forward, Fed has positioned itself for growth opportunities in the domestic and international arena. It has exhibited an exceptional track record of international expansion and good financial restraints during times of easy credit, proving it can operate successfully even in a tough economic climate.

Construction Projects and Management Free Essay Example, 2500 words

This procedure focuses on the estimation and monitoring of the time spent by each of the different persons involved in such project activity. This specific monitoring in regards to the time required for the construction projects thus helps in closing the deviations from the total estimated time made for the total project to complete. However the estimated time required for the completion of the total construction project does not consider the random happening of events natural or otherwise that tend to render obstruction to the ideal completion of the project. Thus an important consideration is held in this case that no abnormal events rise during the project tenure that in turn would tend to enhance the time required for the completion of the project. Uncertainty of occurrences in regards to the construction project can be accounted also in the form of contingencies. The contingencies can thereby be accounted using separate techniques like PERT. Though the technique persists for th e accounting of contingencies yet it is found for a number of cases like outbreak of fire or natural calamities the same system of contingency accountability fails to render the correct result. We will write a custom essay sample on Construction Projects and Management or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Thus an adjustment is maintained in the form of contingencies wherein the time set is added to the normal time held for the project to get completed. Again especially in cases of construction projects it is found that the entire project activity gets dismantled owing to disturbing weather conditions. Thus the time management and setting of allowances and allocations need to be maintained on that basis. Construction projects carried out in highways become greatly affected owing to such disturbing conditions that in turn enhance the time required for the completion of the entire project. This condition however can be managed in cases of building construction projects wherein contingencies occurring out of weather disturbances can be effectively managed by the setting up of adequate covers.